For later occurrences 1997 to 2000, see S/1997/715, S/1999/882, and S/2000/1211 (December 19, 2000).Interpeace, 'The search for peace: A history of mediation in Somalia since 1988,' Interpeace, May 2009, 59-60International Crisis Group, Somalia: To Move Beyond the Failed State, Africa Report N°147 – December 23, 2008, 25. One of the key functions of the traditional leaders is the settlement and resolution of conflicts. He lost a re-election bid there to Barre's former Interior Minister A battle for Mogadishu followed in the first half of 2006 in which the The arms embargo on Somalia was amended in February 2007 to allow states to supply weapons to the TFG's security forces, provided that they received prior approval from the UN's Somalia Sanctions Committee. Awful. Consequently, gun battles took place in Mogadishu between local gunmen and peacekeepers. The conflicts affecting Somalia are deeply rooted in its history and continue to shape the country's destiny. It also says the scale of the drought has been exaggerated for political reasons.Even in the capital, the constant possibility of an al-Shabab attack hampers the aid operation.During the long battle for Mogadishu, tens of thousands of people fled the city for surrounding areas.But faced with drought - and after al-Shabab said it was withdrawing its forces from the capital in August 2011 - The constant fighting and lack of any effective government has also led many young Somali men to become pirates.They say this is the only way they can earn enough money to support themselves and their family.This is greatly helped by the advanced money transfer business which lets the large Somali diaspora send money back to their relatives still at home.Basically, until some kind of authority is established across the country, Somalia will be a disaster zone, where armed groups from Islamists to pirates can set up base with impunity and it will be difficult to help civilians caught up in natural catastrophes like drought.But the outside world cannot impose such a government and there is little sign that the many different Somali factions will ever agree on sharing power.The hope is that at some stage, they grow tired of fighting but the Somalis have a proud tradition of being warriors and there is little sign of that yet.However, the neighbouring territory of Somaliland, which broke away from the lawless south in 1991, But telling the power-brokers of Mogadishu to copy what is happening in Somaliland is unlikely to go down well at all.The president takes his law-and-order message to a troubled Wisconsin city, spurning the mayor and governor. The civil war in Somalia is one of Africa's oldest wars. Menkhaus, FSIP, 2007, 75.United Nations Security Council, Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council Resolution 2002 (2011), S/2012/544, p.226Arthur S. Banks, Thomas C. Muller, William Overstreet, National Academy of Sciences (U.S.). With a population numbering of conceivably four and a half to five million, the Somali-speaking people can barely be regarded as a large nation  . 1, Spring 1996, 52.See also Report of the Secretary-General on Somalia, S/1995/231 (March 28, 1995).Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in Somalia, S/1997/135, February 17, 1997, paragraphs 6,7, and 9. This led to a relative decrease in the intensity of the fighting, with SIPRI removing Somalia from its list of major armed conflicts for 1997 and 1998. It was hoped that naming him president in 2009, along with the withdrawal of Ethiopian forces would take the sting out of the Islamists but they just labelled him a foreign puppet and carried on fighting.In fact, his government would have been toppled long ago were it not for the support of troops from Uganda and Burundi in an African Union peacekeeping force.The African Union wants the UN to take charge of the mission but there is little appetite for this - especially after the disastrous US intervention in Somalia in 1992.Despite numerous appeals no other country has yet sent troops to Somalia - although last month Djibouti said it would some by the end of the year and Sierra Leone in the new year.The government has also been beset by in-fighting and accusations that it is not doing much to help ordinary people beset by drought as well as the conflict.Some well-trained Somalis living abroad have risked their lives to go back home and help the government but they have not been able to change much.Some donors have lost faith in it but see little alternative.After two decades of conflict, Somalia is the country most badly affected by the region's worst drought in 60 years.Many thousands of people have fled the country looking for aid but millions remain at home.Al-Shabab has imposed severe restrictions on aid workers in the areas it controls and as a result, some of these have been declared famine zones.It fears Western aid workers could provide information to the US to launch air strikes on its senior officials and such raids have happened.

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